The Income Tax Act provides for a specific way for adjustment of losses arising from sale/transfer of capital assets. But to start with the  process for set off, one has to first separate the capital losses into short term and long term.

A short term capital gain/loss arises when an asset is sold after holding for a period of less than three years. Conversely, a long-term capital gain/loss arises when an asset is sold after more than three years.

However, in the case of securities such as equity or preference shares, debentures, government issuings, and units of mutual funds and the Unit Trust of India (UTI), the assets are deemed short-term if they are held for less than a year.

Conversely, these assets are deemed long-term if they are held for more than a year.

The Act lays down following guidelines which have to be strictly adhered :

1. Losses under the head “Capital gains” cannot be set off against income under other heads of income.

2. Short-term capital loss can be set off against any capital gain (whether long-term or short-term)

3. Long-term capital loss can be set off only against long-term capital gain.

4. A long-term capital loss for a case where the long-term capital gain is exempt from tax will have no value. For example, if a share is held for a year or more and then sold at a loss, there will be no tax benefit. So this loss cannot be set off against any other income.

5. If the capital loss cannot be set off against the capital gain of that particular year then it can be carried forward for the next eight years.

6. Such loss can be carried forward only when the return is filed within time.

Illustration 1:

Situation A

Situation B

Short-term Capital gain

50,000

10,000

Short-term Capital loss

40,000

50,000

Long-term Capital gain

40,000

Long-term Capital loss

20,000

20,000

Taxable:

Short-term Capital gain

10,000

Long-term Capital gain

Carried-forward:

Short-term Capital loss

20,000

Long-term Capital loss

20,000

• Illustration 2:

During the previous year 2006-07, X has long-term capital gains of Rs. 1,00,000. He has brought forward capital loss – short-term: Rs. 10,000 and long-term: Rs. 50,000. In this case, both short-term capital loss of Rs. 10,000 and long-term capital loss of Rs. 50,000 can be set off against the long-term capital gain of Rs. 1,00,000.